Material drying method and apparatus



March 19, 1968 1 |||Q- THYGESON, 5R 3,374,106

MATERIAL DRYING METHOD AND APPARATUS l Filed May 14, 1964 `ssheets-sheet INVENTORZ BY JOHN R. THYGESONrSR,

March 19, 1968 J. R. 'THYGE-soN, SR 3,374,106

MATERIAL DRYING METHOD AND APPARATUS Filed May 14, 1964 3 Sheets-Sheet 2no3. f

INVENToR'. JOHN R. THYGESON SR.

BY MW ATTYS.

March 19, 196.8 J. R. THYGEsoN, SR 3,374,106

MATERIAL` DRYING METHOD AND APPARATUS Filed May 14, 1954 5 Sheets-Sheet5 FIGS.

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United States Patent Office 3,374,106 Patented Mar. 19, 1968 3,374,106MATERIAL DRYING METHOD AND APPARATUS John R. Thygeson, Sr., Fox ChaseManner, Pa., assignor to Proctor & Schwartz, Inc., Philadelphia, Pa., acorporation of Pennsylvania Filed May 14, 1964, Ser. No. 367,350 10Claims. (Cl. 117-1053) ABSTRACT 0F DISCLSURE A method and apparatus fortreating material, particularly batts or webs of non-oriented, looselycornpacted fibrous material, by conveying it through an enclosed housinghaving a treating chamber and treating medium conditioning meansincluding air distribution means having an outlet port confronting thebatt through which treating medium is discharged. In the form of theinvention illustrated, the treating medium distribution means consistsof an enlongated box having an outlet port, and bafe means comprising apair of elongated bafiie plates is provided which extends coextensivelywith `the outlet port and angularly relative to one another and to thedirection of flow of the treating medium from the outlet port. Thisbaille arrangement divides the flow of treating medium into three zones,two outer zones and a center zone thereby creating a pressure andvelocity dfference in the zones whereby treating medium diverted to theouter zones creates a suction which draws treating medium up through thebatt in the center zone to create a slight lofting of the batt.

This invention relates to method and apparatus for drying materials.

The present method and apparatus are especially adapted for processingbatts or Webs of non-oriented, loosely compacted fibrous material.Battsl of this type are used, for example, as interlinings, filters,etc., and in these applications it is desirable that the batt havecertain resilience, loft, density, final thickness and porositycharacteristics for most effective results in its use as a liner,filter, etc. In some drying apparatus for drying these batts, the hattor web is sprayed with a binder on one face and after spraying, advancedthrough the drying chamber of the apparatus. The batt is then reversedso that the other face may be sprayed with the binder and again passedthrough the drying chamber. A drying medium is circulated through thedrying chamber to dry and cure the binder. The binder serves to give thebatt body.

The means for circulating drying medium through the drying chamberincludes a series of air distribution boxes extending transversely tothe direction of travel of the batt and spaced along the entire lengthof the drying chamber. These air distribution boxes have tapered top andside walls, an inlet opening at one end through which the drying mediumenters the box and an elongated narrow slot providing a discharge outletat the bottom of the box confronting the batt with a plurality ofpartitions dividing the slot into a plurality of small dischargenozzles. By this arrangement drying medium entering the box isdischarged through each of the nozzles directly against the surface ofthe batt confronting the nozzles, the configuration of the box beingsuch that the discharge velocity of the drying medium through all thenozzles is substantially uniform. It has been found that in order toachieve effective curing of the binder and drying of the batt, that is,processing ofthe batt, the velocity of the air discharged through thenozzles be in the range of 1500 to 3500 feet per second. However, withthis arrangement one of the problems is that the drying medium directlyengaging the face of the web tends to flatten or compress the batt sothat some of the highly desirable characteristics of the finishprocessed batt are destroyed. More specifically it has been found thatif the batt is prematurely compressed, that is, before the binder iscured, there is a matting together of the fibers which destroys thedesired porosity and resiliency of the batt. Thus, if the batt iscompressed to too great a degree, the resilience, loft, density, finalthickness and porosity thereof are adversely affected and the batt willnot be able to be used effectively for its intended purpose.

In accordance with the present invention, means is provided forcontrolling the circulation of the drying medium in the Vicinity of thebatt and in such a manner that the final desired condition orcharacteristics of the batt may be controlled more accurately.

More specifically, in accordance with the present invention, there isprovided baie means in the path of liow of the drying medium from thedischarge nozzles, which baffle means serves to diffuse or break up theair flow into zones thereby preventing direct impingement of the airagainst the face of the batt. In the illustrated embodiment of theinvention, baille means comprises a pair of elongated baffle platesdisposed adjacent the discharge I nozzles of the air distribution boxcoextensive therewith. The plates are disposed angularly relative to oneanother and to the direction of flow of the drying medium from thedischarge nozzles. The effect of the baffle arrangement is to cause theair discharged through the nozzles to be diffused or broken up so thatthe full thrust of the drying medium is not directly onto the surface ofthe batt.

It has been found that with this ba'le arrangement, the `air dischargedthrough the nozzles is broken up in such a way that there is actually aslight lofting of the web as it passes through the drying chamber,thereby avoiding harmful compression of the batt as heretofore was thecase whereby the finish processed batt is resilient and lofty. Moreoverit has been found that the circulation of drying medium effected by thebaffle arrangement increases the drying eiciency. Further by thisarrangement, the mass movement of air directed toward the batt `orcirculated through the air nozzles may be increased appreciably therebyincreasing the drying rate. Accordingly, with the foregoing in mind anobject of the present invention is to provide a method and apparatus forcontinuously drying material such as batts made of non-oriented, looselycompacted fibers wherein the circulation of the drying medium iscontrolled in a manner whereby the processed batt is characterized by apredetermined desired resilience, loft, density, final thickness andporosity.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a method forcontinuously drying material to provide a finished product characterizedby optimum characteristics such ,as loft, resilience, density, finalthickness and porosity and apparatus for carrying out the method Whichis of comparatively simplified construction and may be manufactured andinstalled economically.

A further object of the present invention is to provide drying apparatusand method characterized by novel features whereby the drying eiiiciencyof the dryer is increased.

These and other objects of the present invention and the various`features and details of the operation of the apparatus and method andthe construction of the apparatus are hereinafter more fully set forthwith reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. l is a plan View of a dryer in accordance with the presentinvention with parts broken away to show the internal constructionthereof;

FIG. 2 is a side elevational view of dryer shown in FIG. 1 also withparts broken away;

FIG. 3 is an enlarged sectional view 3-3 of FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 is an enlarged fragmentary taken on lines 4-4 of FIG. 3;

FIG. 5 is an enlarged fragmentary taken on lines 5-5 of FIG. 3; and

FIGS. 6 and 7 are enlarged sectional views taken on lines 6-6 and 77respectively of FIG. 5.

Referring now to the drawings and considering now the primary componentsofthe apparatus in terms of function, a batt B of non-woven, looselycompacted fibers is delivered to the feed or entrance end of the dryerby suitable means to the lowermost foraminous conveyor 1 of a series oftiered forarninous conveyors which conveyor 10 is suitably actuated by amotor M1 and belt transmission T1 for movement in an endless path totransport the batt through the generally enclosed housing of the dryerD. At the feed end of the dryer D, suitable spray means S is provided todeposit a binder such as latex, an acrylic resin or other thermoplasticmaterial to one face of the batt B. Thereafter the conveyor 10 moves thesprayed batt B through the drying chamber Cd of the dryer. At theopposite or delivery end of the dryer D, the batt B passes around aguide roll R1 and the opposite face of the batt B is sprayed by a secondspray unit S2. The sprayed batt B is again conveyed back through thedrying chamber Cd on the second, or in the present instance, middleconveyor 12 of the tier of conveyors which is actuated for movement inan endless path by a motor vM2 and belt transmission T2. As the battapproaches the feed end of the dryer D, the direction of the batt B isagain reversed by passing around rolls R2 and by means of the uppermostconveyor 14 the batt B again passes through the drying chamber Cd sothat the batt may be discharged at the delivery end of the dryer. Thisconveyor is actuated from motor M1 and a belt transmission T3. Theprocessed batt B then leaves the delivery end of the dryer for furtherprocessing. During movement of the batt through the dryer D, a heateddrying medium is circulated through the drying chamber Cd to effectcuring of the binder and drying of the batt.

Referring now to the drawings and particularly to FIGS. l and 2 thereof,the dryer comprises an elongated generally enclosed housing 11, in thepresent instance, divided into two sections, S1 and S2 of substantiallyidentical construction. These sections S1 and S2 are mounted end to endto form a continuous enclosed dryer housing. As best illustrated in FIG.3, each section of the dryer housing 11 includes a top wall 20 andopposing side Walls 22 and 24. The front section S1 of the dryer housingincludes a front wall 26 having suitable openings O1 therein toaccommodate the conveyors and movement of the batt into and out of thehousing and the rear section S2 has a rear wall 28 also having openingsOo therein to facilitate passage of the batt into and out of thehousing.

In order to minimize leakage of drying medium from the housing 11through the openings O1 and Oo, an air curtain may be provided at thefeed and delivery ends of the dryer. To this end, there is provided avertical partition 91 which extends transversely of the housing andwhich isl spaced from the front wall 25 to define an air curtain chamber93 at the feed end of the housing. Ductwork l95 communicating with theair curtain chamber 93 including a fan 97 is provided to draw air fromthe air curtain chamber 93 whereby leakage of drying medium from thehousing is minimized. A similar air curtain chamber 101 defined by apartition 103 is provided at the delivery end of the housing. Ductwork105 and a fan 107 are provided to draw air from the air curtain chamber101.

Each section of the dryer is subdivided into several taken on linessectional view sectional view compartments including the drying chamberCd extending lengthwise of the dryer and which, as illustrated in FIG.3, is defined by a horfzontally extending panel 40 running the length ofthe dryer and spaced from the top wall 20, a vertical panel 44 spacedfrom the side wall 22 and the side wall 24. The space between the panel40 and top wall Z0 defines a conditioning chamber ft2, and the spacebetween the side panel 44 and side Wall 22 defines a distributionchamber 46.

A motor operated fan is mounted in the p-anel 44 with its intake -orsuction side communicating with the conditioning chamber 42 and theimpeller, or discharge side, disposed to -direct drying medium drawnfrom the conditioning chamber 42 to the distribution chamber t6 asillustrated in FIG. 3.

A plurality of air boxes is provided along the length of the dryer intwo rows, one row above the upper run of the intermediate conveyor 12and the other row above the lowermost conveyor 10. Each of the boxes 60extends transversely to the direction of movement of the conveyors andas illustrated in FIG. 2, the boxes are closely spaced the length of theconveyors. Each box 60 has an open end 62 communicating with thedistribution chamber 46 so that air entering the distribution chamber isdirected into the box and a closed end as at 65. Each of the boxes 60 asillustrated, has a top wall 67 and opposing side walls 69, all of whichconverge toward the closed end of the box. In the bottom of each box isan elongated generally rectangular outlet port 71 which extendsapproximately the width of the conveyor and which has mounted therein ahoneycomb 66 to divide the outlet port '71 into a series of generallysquare nozzle openings 68. By this arrangement, as the drying mediumenters the box, it is directed downwardly through the individual nozzleopenings 68 and by reason of the configuration of the box, the velocityof air discharged through each of the nozzle openings 68 issubstantially uniform. The drying medium discharged through the nozzleopenings 63 passes downwardly against the batt on the upper run of theconveyors 10 and 12 and then passes to a discharge chamber 70 runningthe length of the housing to the side thereof opposite the distributionchamber 46. A series of lint screens 72 is provided along the upperextent of the discharge chamber 70 through which the drying medium isdrawn by the fan S0. At the side of the conditioning chamber oppositethe fan 50 adjacent the lint screens 72, there is provided suitable'heating means, in the present instance, a gas heating unit '73 to heatthe drying medium as it is drawn through the conditioning chamber by thefan.

In accordance with the present invention, bafiie means is providedadjacent the outlet port '.71 of each of the air distribution boxes 60which serves to control the flow of the drying medium discharged throughthe air nozzles 68 in a manner to effect slight loftin g of the batt andprevent compression or compacting thereof which would harmfully affectthe desired characteristics of the processed batt. In the presentinstance, the bafiie means comprises a pair of elongated generallyrectangular plates and 82 which are angularly disposed relative to oneanother and to the direction of flow of the treating medium from the airoutlet port 71. Preferably the plates 80 and 82 openly diverge towardthe face of the batt as illustrated in FIG. 5. The ends of the baffleplates are supported on end support brackets 84 which depend from theair box 60 adjacent opposite ends of the outlet port 66. As bestillustrated in FIG. 5, the upper edges 81 and 83 of the plates S0 and 82are spaced closely together and close to the outlet port. Further, theedges S1 and S3 are spaced inwardly from the sides of the outlet port todivide air discharged therethrough into three zones, zone X between theplates, zone Y outboard of the plate 80 and zone Z outboard of the plate82.

The plates 80 and S2 are adapted for adjustment to vary selectively theangular relation of the plates to one another and to the direction offlow of the air discharged from the outlet port whereby the flow patternof the air in the vicinity of the batt may be varied to achieve thedesired cfrculation for a given batt being processed. In order tofacilitate selective adjustment of the bafiie plates relative to oneanother and to the direction of flow of the treating medium through theair nozzle, each of the plates is pivotally mounted to the brackets 84at opposite ends adjacent the inner longitudinal edge thereof, that is,the edge closest to the outlet port 71 in the box 60. Thus each of theplates may be swung in the direction indicated by the arrow toselectively vary the angle of divergence of the plates 80 and 82. In thepresent instance, each of the support brackets 84 is provided with anarcuate slot 86 therein to receive a screw fastener or the like 87 sothat the plates may be pivoted to a desired position and secured in thatposition by the fastener 87. By this arrangement, it has been found thatthe air from the outlet port diverted to zones Y and Z creates a slightsuction or vacuum which draws or induces a small amount of air upthrough the batt in the zone X and hence creates a slight lofting of thebatt. This induced circulation through the batt as indicated in FIG. 5,increases the drying rate and hence the drying efiiciency of the dryer.

Consider now the operation of the dryer when processing a continuous runof fibrous material in the form of a batt. The batt B is delivered bysuitable conveyor means to the lowermost conveyor 10 at the feed end ofthe dryer where t'he spray means S deposits a binder on the top face ofthe batt B. The conveyor 10 then advances the battB for its first runthrough the dryer past the plurality of air boxes 60. Drying mediumcirculated by the fan 50 enters the lowermost series of boxes throughthe distribution chamber 46 and the opening 62 in one end thereof. Theair passing through the boxes and out each of the nozzles of thedischarge outlet engages the baliies S and 82 disposed adjacent thenozzle discharge opening in the path of flow of the drying medium. Thebafiies serve to disperse the drying medium and divert the flow intothree zones X, Y, and Z in a manner shown in FIG. whereby a slightliufiing-of the batt occurs in the region between the outer extremitiesof the baies 80 and 82, zone X. It has been found that this slightlofting of the fibers in this region is due to the pressure differentialbetween the top face of the batt and the region below the batt which iscaused by deflecting the air by means of the baliies. During the courseof movement of the batt along the bottom conveyor 10, curing of thebinder takes place. The batt B then reverses direction around the rollR1 and a binder is sprayed on the reverse side by the spray unit S2adjacent the second conveyor at the discharge end of the dryer. Duringmovement of the batt through the dryer on the intermediate conveyor 12,the drying medium again is directed into a plurality of air boxes 60provided along the length of the conveyor which also has the barilemeans 80 and 82. The direction of the batt then is reversed around therolls R2 and makes a final pass through the dryer on the outermostconveyor 14. It is noted that with respect to FIG. 3, the continuouslcirculation of air in the dryer housing is in the direction indicatedby the arrows. Thus, as noted when the drying medium enters thedischarge chamber from the air boxes, it passes up through ,a series oflint screens 72 which purify the air. ,The drying medium is thencirculated by the heating means and vdrawn through the conditioningchamber 42 by the fan `50 and expelled to the distribution chamber 46.An inlet opening 119 is provided in one wall of the housing havingsuitable damping means 121 to permit fresh air to be added to the aircirculated in the dryer if desired.

The angular position of the bafiles 80 and 82 depends on a number ofvariables such as velocity of the drying medium at the outlet port, typeof fibers being processed, initial thickness of the batt, desired finalthickness and density of the batt. The final adjustment of the bafliesis therefore dependent on the operator who samples the batt after ashort run and adjusts the baffles until the processed batts has thedesired characteristics. It has been found that by processing fibrousmaterial in the form of batts in this manner, the desiredcharacteristics of the process batt, such as resilience, loft, density,final thickness and porosity, may be controlled accurately. Moreover, ithas been 4found that efficient drying of the batt and efiicient curingof the binder are achieved by the provision of the baffles in the regionof the discharge nozzles.

While the present invention has been described in connection withfibrous material in the form of batts, it is readily apparent that it isalso useful in treating or drying other fibrous or particulate materialsand also thin thermoplastic films such as polypropylene. The inventionalso may be usefully applied in curing of rubber sheets and the like. Inthe case of thin films, it has been found that in prior dryers where theair impinged directly on the film there was the problem of rippling ordistorting the surface of the film. It has been found that drying thesefilms in a dryer constructed in accordance with the present invention,the bafiies serve to eect circulation of the air in a manner to precludeformation of ripples and undesirable surface imperfections in the film.

While a particular embodiment of the present invention has beenillustrated and described herein it is not intended to limit theinvention and changes and modifications may be made therein within thescope of the following claims.

I claim:

1. Apparatus for treating material comprising an elongated generallyenclosed housing, a treating chamber in `said housing, means forconveying the material along a predeterminted path through said treatingchamber, treating med-ium conditioning means including air distributionmeans having an outlet port through which treating medium is dischargedconfronting the material, and baffle means including at least 011ebafiie plate extending lengthwise of said outlet port disposed angularlyrelative to the direct-ion of fiow of the testing medium and dividingthe tiow of treating medium into at least two zones on either side ofthe baffle and creating a difference in the velocity and pressure of thetreating medium in said zones, the treating medium diverted to one ofsaid zones creating a suction inducing a small flow of treating mediumup through the material being treated in the other zone thereby creatinga slight lofting of the material in said other zone.

2. Apparatus for treating material comprising an elongated generallyenclosed housing, a treating chamber in said housing, means forconveying the material along a predetermined path through said treatingchamber, treating medium conditioning means including air-distributionmeans having an outlet port through which treating medium is dischargedconfronting the material, and a pair of elongated battle platesextending coextensive with said outlet port and disposed angularlyrelative to one another and to the direction of flow of the treatingmedium from said outlet port thereby dividing the flow of treatingmedium into three zones, two outer zones and a center zone, saidtreating medium diverted to said outer zones creating a suction whichdraws treating medium up through the material in the center zone therebyto create a slight lofting of the material.

3. Apparatus as claimed in claim 2 wherein said baffle plates opentlydiverge toward the material and including means for selectivelyadjusting the angular relationship of the plates relative to oneanother.

4. Apparatus for treating material comprising an elongated generallyenclosed housing, a treating chamber in said housing, means forconveying the material along a predetermined path through said treatingchamber, treating medium conditioning means including at least onedistribution box, said distribution box having an opening at one end andbeing closed at its opposite end and top and side walls which tapertoward said closed end and an elongated outlet port in the bottom wallthereof confronting the material whereby treating medium entering saidopen end is discharged through said outlet port at a substantiallyuniform velocity along the length of said outlet port, and baille meansincluding at least one battle plate extending lengthwise of said outletport disposed angularly relative to the direction of ilow of thetreating medium and dividing the ow of treating medium into at least twozones on either side of the battle and creating a difference in thevelocity and pressure of the treating medium in said Zones, the treatingmedium diverted to one of said zones creating a suction inducing a smallflow of treating medium up through the material being treated in theother zone thereby creating a slight lofting of the material in saidother zone.

5. Apparatus for treating material comprising an elongated generallyenclosed housing, a treating chamber in said housing, conveyor means forconveying the material along a predetermined path through said treatingchamber, treating medium conditioning means including a plurality of airdistribution boxes extending transversely of said conveyor and spacedalong the entire length thereof, each of said boxes having outlet portsconfronting the material through which treating medium is discharged andbathe means including at least one baille plate extending lengthwise otsaid outlet port disposed angularly relative to the direction of llow ofthe treating medium and dividing the ow of treating medium into at leasttwo zones on either side of the battle and creating a difference in thevelocity and pressure of the treating medium in said Zones, the treatingmedium diverted to one of said Zones creating a suction inducing a smallow of treating medium up through the material being treated in the otherzone thereby creating a slight lofting of the material in said otherzone.

6. Apparatus for treating material comprising an elongated generally.enclosed housing, a treating chamber in said housing, conveyor means forconveying the material along a predetermined path through said treatingcharnber, treating medium conditioning means including a plurality ofair distribution boxes extending transversely of said conveyor andspaced along the entire length thereof, each of said boxes having outletports confronting the material through which treating medium isdischarged and a pair of elongated baffle plates extending coextensivewith said outlet port and disposed angularly relative to one another andto the direction of llow of the treating medium from said outlet portthereby dividing the tlow of treating medium into three zones, two outerzones and a center zone, said treating medium diverted to said outerzones creating a suction which draws treating medium up through thematerial in the center zone thereby to create a slight lofting of thematerial.

7. Apparatus for drying batts of non-woven, loosely compacted berscomprising an elongated generally enclosed housing, a drying chamber insaid housing, rst conveyor means for transporting said batt through thedrying chamber in one direction and second conveyor means fortransporting the batt through the dryer in the opposite direction, spraymeans adjacent said first conveyor for applying a binder to one face ofsa-id batt and second spray means adjacent said second conveyor forapplying a binder to the other face of said batt, drying `mediumconditioning means including a plurality of air distribution boxesdisposed side by side along the length of said first and second conveyormeans, each of said boxes having an outlet port through which treatingmedium is discharged, and bale means including at least one batile plateextending lengthwise of said outlet port disposed angularly relative tothe direction of ilow of the treating medium and dividing the flow oftreating medium into at least two zones on either side of the baiiie andcreating a diilerence in the velocity and pressure of the treatingmedium in said Zones, the treating medium diverted to one of said zonesCreating a suction inducing a smali iiow of treating medium up throughthe batt being treated in the other zone thereby creating a slightlofting of the batt in said other Zone.

8. A method for treating material` consisting of the steps of conveyingmaterial along a predetermined path through a treating Zone, treatingsaid material by means of a treating medium directed against at leastone surface Ot' said material, diverting by baie means including atleast one balie plate extending lengthwise of said outlet port disposedangularly relative to the direction of low of the treating medium anddividing the ow of treating medium into at least two Zones on eitherside of the balile and creating a dilerence in the velocity and pressureof the treating medium in said Zones, the treating medium diverted toone of said zones creating a suction inducing a small flow of treatingmedium up through the material being treated in the other zone therebycreating a slight lofting of the material in said other zone.

9. A method for continuously drying material consisting of the steps ofconveying the material along a predetermined path through a generallyenclosed treating Zone, controlling the treating conditions by meansincluding circulating a conditioned treating medium against thematerial, and disposing baie means including at least one battle plateextending lengthwise of said outlet port disposed angularly relative tothe direction of llow of the treating medium and dividing the flow oftreating medium into at least two zones on either side of the baille andcreating a difference in the velocity and pressure of the treatingmedium in said zones, the treating medium diverted to one of said zonescreating a suction inducing a small liow of treating medium up throughthe material being treated in the other zone thereby creating a slightlofting of the material in said other zone.

10. A method of continuously drying batts of nonwoven, loosely compactedlibers consisting of the steps of spraying with a binder one face of thebatt, conveying the batt through a generally enclosed drying zone,circulating a treating medium through the drying zone so that it isdirected against the sprayed surface of said batt, spraying the otherface of said batt, again conveying the batt through the drying Zone withthe second face confronting the treating medium, and providing baillemeans including at least one bame plate extending lengthwise of saidoutlet port disposed angularly relative to the direction of tlow of thetreating medium and dividing the flow of treating medium into at leasttwo zones on either side of the baffle and creating a diterence in thevelocity and pressure of the treating medium in said zones, the treatingmedium diverted to one of said zones creating a suction inducing a smallflow of treating medium up through the batt being treated in the otherzone thereby creating a slight lofting of the batt in said other zone.

References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 558,352 4/1896 Clark -l1867 X1,419,534 6/1922 Barber 34-203 X 1,837,682 12/1931 Searight 118-671,912,164 5/1933 Seelig 110-71 X 1,945,851 2/1934 Freeland 118-672,736,107 2/1956 Dungler 34-160 2,952,078 9/1960 Litzler 34-159 X ALFREDL. LEAVlTT, Primary Examiner.

I. H. NEWSOME, Assistant Examiner.I

